This may be more information than what you want, but here goes:
Before the tragic civil war that tore Lebanon and Beirut apart and before Lebanon was widely known as a haven for Palestinian terrorist groups, it was considered to be neutral ground…the Switzerland of the Middle East. It was also considered a jewel, if not the jewel, of the Mediterranean. The last religious census (1932) placed the number of Christians at 50% or more of the population (it is now speculated Christians comprise 40% of the population). Until the civil war, Beirut was an important financial and business center for non-Arabs doing business with Arabs. Lebanon’s geographical location makes it a gateway country and Beirut a gateway city.
The 1975-1990 civil war resulted in the destruction of Beirut and exodus of what has been estimated at between 500,000 and 600,000 Lebanese. Syria’s subsequent occupation of Lebanon exacerbated the exodus, primarily among Lebanese Christians. Some of those who left ended up in the U.S. and a percentage of those and all of their children born here are now U.S. Citizens.
Following the civil war, the Lebanese did a fabulous job rebuilding both the country and Beirut. Some of those who fled returned, including some who through Naturalization or birth became U.S. Citizens. It is my guess that a percentage of those who returned, retained their U.S. Citizenship and decided to stay and rebuild their former homeland and revitalize their heritage. (Same thing has happened in Israel.) Between that core group, others who may have left during the civil war but visit relatives there, and others (businessmen, missionaries, students, world travelers, etc) you end up with the 20,000 plus U.S. Citizens estimated to be in Lebanon. Two other factors to consider are 1) until this problem Beirut was considered a playground and R&R site for many who live in other Arab countries, including Americans and 2) time of year---school is out.
I don’t buy allegations American Embassy personnel were unprepared and uncaring. Having been assigned to the American Embassy in Kuwait and actually participated in 2 real mandatory departures of American personnel and 2 other practical exercises, I know all U.S. Embassies in that region have contingency plans for departure (evacuation) situations. I also know those plans are regularly exercised with DOD personnel. It is those who have unrealistic expectations who tend to complain.
Just an FYI in respect to “Evacuation†terminology. There are 3 basic Departure (Evacuation) levels; i.e. Voluntary, Authorized, and Mandatory. The 3 levels signify escalating degrees of concern and have a correlation to benefits paid to U.S. Government employees affected. The embassy involved does not unilaterally decided to announce or evoke a departure order. It is done in coordination with and only when instructed by the Department of State (DOS) in Washington.
Voluntary Departure means dependants are free to depart, but that all relative costs (transportation and living) will be borne by the USG employee. Dependants of USG employees choosing to leave will not be permitted to return until the DOS authorizes a return.
Authorized Departure means dependants can depart and that all relative transportation costs will be paid by the USG. Departing dependants have no restrictions placed on them regarding the amount of luggage they can take and are entitled to an approximately 750 lbs air shipment. Further, departing dependants are entitled to a significant amount of lodging and per diem. Departing dependants cannot return until the DOS authorizes a return. The USG will not pick up the tab nor will they use USG assets to evacuate non-USG American Citizens. When an Authorized Departure is announced, it is a signal to companies and American citizens they should strongly consider departing the country.
Mandatory Departures can involve stages and at a minimum requi