ALL VEHICLES TODAY are equipped with one of two different types of fuel pump: a positive displacement pump or a flow-type pump. A positive displacement pump traps fuel in a chamber and then pressurizes the fuel by decreasing the size of the chamber before forcing it through an outlet passage.
Chamber size can be changed by stroking a piston or diaphragm, but it can also be done by rotating vanes in an offset housing, as in a power steering pump or a gerotor oil pump. In both of these, the pumping chamber is the space between the vanes or gear teeth, and offsetting their rotation in the housing will make the chamber shrink or grow through each degree of rotation.
The most common positive-displacement fuel pump is called a roller cell pump. It uses rollers as vanes, and the spaces between them are called cells. The rollers are slotted into a disc, and this assembly rotates in a polished steel ring. As the disc rotates, centrifugal force seals the rollers against the ring. Since the disc is offset in the ring, the cells between the rollers change size. The cells are biggest near the inlet port in the chamber's end plate, and after a roller passes the port, fuel is sealed in the cell between two rollers. As the cell rotates around to where the space between the disc and ring wall decreases, fuel is pressurized and eventually forced out when the leading roller passes the outlet port.
The roller cell assembly is secured directly to the shaft of an electric motor, and fuel actually flows through the pump/motor housing. The fuel flow helps keep the assembly cool, and there is no danger of fire or explosion because there is no air in the housing. An internal relief valve controls housing pressure, and a check valve on the outlet fitting keeps pressure in the fines when the pump is turned off.
A roller cell pump can generate very high pressure, and its flow rate tends to be constant over a range of pump speeds. However, it generates pressure in pulses, so systems with a roller cell pump usually have a pulse damper. Both are usually mounted outside the fuel tank to control noise, and instead of gravity feed, there is usually a low pressure in-tank pump to supply fuel to the roller cell pump.
The most common flow-type pump is called a turbine pump. Basically just a finned wheel in a specially shaped housing, a turbine pump is capable of very high flow for its size. They've been used for years as an in-tank feed pump, but more recent designs can generate the pressure needed for gasoline fuel injection. There are several different pump designs with different shapes for the housing and impeller fins and even different numbers of impellers, but all share some of the same advantages.
Fuel flow is controlled by adjusting pump speed, and because it's not positive displacement, the pump can be dead-headed longer without damage. They do not generate pressure pulses, so they tend to be quieter and don't require a pulse damper. Also, they generate flow continuously instead of in pulses, so they can be used to operate a jet pump.
Jet pumps also are flow-type pumps, but the only moving part is the fuel itself. Technically known as a flow eductor, it consists of a simple nozzle that squirts fuel through a specially shaped tube, creating a low-pressure area in the throat of the tube. With the tube's inlet end submerged in the tank, fuel is drawn past the nozzle and into the tube where it can be piped to another nearby location in the tank.
Although a jet pump's output pressure is low, it can flow twice the amount of fuel used to power it. Typically, a jet pump is submerged vertically in the tank to draw from the lowest point and used to fill a reservoir that supplies the main pump. It's also used to move fuel from one side of a split-tank fuel system, such as the 2003-and-later Chevrolet Corvette, which has an electric fuel pump only in the left tank.
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